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• https://forums.elderscrollsonline.com/en/discussion/684716
Generally-speaking: safe = no timer, unsafe = timer
But there are also a lot of inconsistencies.
E.g., the Wayrest wayshrine is in the middle of town but has a logout timer. And if you just run several steps in any direction, there's no timer, so it looks like the wayshrine itself is a small isolated island of unsafeness. But the wayshrine in Daggerfall (and most cities) has no timer.
The weirdest one to me is that all outlaws refuges are unsafe, even though they are way safer than any town (since you could be attacked by guards in town if you have a bounty).