If you were hit by a skill from the guards called "Piercing Bolt" then this is indeed working as intended. Piercing Bolt does 110% of your health as damage so it is effectively a one shot one kill mechanic the guards have been designed to have.
https://forums.elderscrollsonline.com/en/discussion/367163/instantly-killed-by-a-guard
This is a post from some time back but seems relevant as there’s a few comments saying it’s working as intended. Wether or not this is factual someone more experienced with combat with guards can offer some insight.If you were hit by a skill from the guards called "Piercing Bolt" then this is indeed working as intended. Piercing Bolt does 110% of your health as damage so it is effectively a one shot one kill mechanic the guards have been designed to have.
that sounds very likely, as it was the umpteenth time i instantly stealthed after being spotted by a guard."[...] doesn't reset until you rezone. So if you are getting away from guards multiple times before rezoning, you'll be one-shot eventually."