Is there a way to do this? When researching builds are there any local files on my system that will let me access my various character's data while not in the game?
No. Your local system actually doesn’t have any of your character data at all...this all resides on the mega servers and is loaded / saved when logging.
The best you could do would be to take screen shots of the character sheet, save them in a capture gallery, then access those remotely...which probably doesn’t meet your needs and is more work than it’s worth.